Spatiotemporal dynamics of plant diversity in response to farmers’ evolved settlements in Shanghai

The expansion of the Shanghai metropolitan region has caused a substantial amount of farmland to become urbanized. Most farmers have lost their land and have been relocated from villages to new collective settlements, resulting in dramatic changes in the landscape pattern. This study explores the effects of this transformation on the spatiotemporal dynamics of plant diversity. We randomly sampled 22 plots comprising 294 subplots within two crossed transects that pass through 5 traditional villages and 17 new settlements. The results show that resettlement has exerted significant effects on plant species diversity, both temporally and spatially. Temporally, the Gleason index (GI) of total species over time could be ordered as 1990s > 2000s > 1980s, while Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI) was ordered as 2000s > 1990s > 1980s. Spatially, the GI of total species decreased from the urban center to the exurbs or from the inside to the outside of the built-up areas. SHDI was highest in suburbs or ecotones. Furthermore, the GI of total species had significant correlations with those of indigenous species, exotic species, and planted species (r > 0.90, p < 0.01) as well as with the region and location of settlement (r < −0.48, p < 0.01). Both indigenous and exotic species had significant positive correlations with total species richness at 0.01 levels. Generally, compared with traditional settlements, new settlements displayed greater richness and diversity of plant species, primarily because of the exotic species present in new settlements. The farmers’ socio-economic status was found to be the primary cause of differences in species richness. To protect indigenous and wild species, it is necessary to take into account local knowledge in villages to encourage Chinese farmers to participate actively in community greening. A bridge should be built between traditional villages and modern settlements and between the past and future for farmers.     

关于桦甸市农业政策性保险的调查及思考

实践证明,实施农业政策性保险在化解农业生产风险,增强风险防御能力,确保农业生产安全,提高财政支农资金效率等方面具有重要作用。特别是对于桦甸市这样一个具有丰富资源,发展潜力巨大的县级城市而言,深入开展农业政策性保险,对于调整农户种植结构,调动农民生产积极性,促进农业增资和推进新农村建设都具有重要意义。     

新宾县农机专业合作社发展研究

发展农机专业合作社是完善农业生产经营体制的重要内容。介绍新宾县农机专业合作社的发展现状,简述合作社发展过程及主要合作形式,论述合作社成立以来发挥的作用和取得的成效,提出合作社今后发展需要重视的问题。     

Tackling fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) outbreak in Africa: an analysis of farmers’ control actions

Abstract

Since its emergence in Africa in 2016, fall armyworm (FAW) has spread rapidly and poses a severe threat to the food security and livelihood of millions of smallholder farmers in the continent. Using survey data from Ghana and Zambia, we examined FAW prevention and control methods implemented by farm households and their impacts on maize output and household consumption of self-produced maize. The main control methods used included pesticide application and handpicking of larvae, while access to information on FAW was a key driver behind the implementation of the control methods. Results from an endogenous switching regression showed that the implementation of a FAW management strategy significantly enhanced maize yield and households’ own maize consumption. When disentangling the impacts of the main control methods, we found that the combination of pesticide application and handpicking of larvae produced the highest yield gain of 125%. We concluded that the current interventions put in place by farmers to tackle FAW infestations are providing positive outcomes, but successful management of the pest will require more actions, including raising awareness to enhance the adoption of control interventions and exploring other control options.     

永安市美丽乡村建设成效、问题与对策

美丽乡村是"生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主"的"二十字"方针贯彻落实的成果展现。在生态文明视角下建设美丽乡村是目前我国正在全力规划实施的一个重大工程。该文总结了福建省永安市美丽乡村建设所取得的成效,分析了制约其发展的因素,并提出对策建议。     

‘新海16’愈伤组织诱导及白霜的优化

为获得高品质、活力旺盛且具有分化能力的愈伤组织,本研究在已建立的海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)‘新海16’再生体系基础上,以MSB附加0.1 mg/L 2,4-D及0.1 mg/L KT为基本培养基,采用单因素随机试验研究外植体不同部位、光照及培养基成分等对‘新海16’愈伤组织诱导的影响。结果表明:‘新海16’愈伤诱导的外植体选用下胚轴中上部绿色茎段诱导效果较优;除此之外,愈伤诱导效果最佳的处理为2 000 lx光照强度、90%MSB无机盐成分、3 g/L PVP及1.2~1.4 g/L Gelrite或Phytagel,均能够降低愈伤组织出现白霜现象,对愈伤组织疏松生长有促进作用。本研究通过优化愈伤组织的诱导方法,提高胚性愈伤组织发生率,为‘新海16’高频再生体系提供科学依据。     

日本环境保全型耕地农业系统对中国耕地保护的启示

为解决中国农业长期粗放经营问题,研究中国耕地与生态文明协同保护体系,采用文献研究法和归纳演绎法,分析东亚地区代表国家环境保全型农业下的耕地农业协同体系。研究表明,日本的耕地农业环境保护支付制度、生态补偿市场认证体系、耕地农业法律制度保障,是建立在生态补偿原则上,经过实践检验行之有效的,能够提升市场参与度及农民自主性投入的耕地生态协同保护措施。中国在推广耕地合理利用实践方面做出了不懈努力,但是在建立耕地生态协同保护的休耕制度、因地制宜建立生态补偿体系、加快推进耕地生态协同保护专项基金的设立等方面还需进一步坚持和完善。     

‘红国王’葡萄组织培养快速繁殖

为建立‘红国王’葡萄组培快繁体系,本试验研究了生长素、接种材料类型、培养条件对组培苗继代增殖与生根的影响。结果表明,0.5 mg/L IAA适合‘红国王’的继代增殖,繁殖系数为5.49,在培养基中附加0.3 mg/L NAA,愈伤组织少且根系粗壮;适合‘红国王’组培苗生长的蔗糖浓度为25~30 g/L,在该浓度下植株长势健壮,生根条数多;带半叶单芽茎段为‘红国王’适宜接种材料类型;接种后第1天至第10天暗培养,可促进‘红国王’根系发育;放置于LED灯复合光红∶蓝∶白=3∶1∶1下,可获得长势强、根系强壮的组培苗;继代间隔为40 d时,繁殖速度较快。     

农民土地利用偏好与地域性认同的相关性

从农民土地利用偏好以及居民地域性认同出发,将农民土地利用偏好分为农业生产功能偏好和经济生产功能偏好2类;并运用数学方法求取居民地域性认同综合指数,建立Logistic二项回归模型,研究农民土地利用偏好和居民地域性认同的相关性。结果表明,地域性认同程度高的农民更偏好于土地的经济生产功能。地方在开展土地整理或制定土地利用计划时,可根据当地居民地域性认同程度选择增大农地面积或是商铺、工厂的面积,提高人民的满意度。     

辽西朝阳地区林果合作社发展创新路径——以兴旺林果合作社为例

以兴旺林果合作社为例,分析了辽西朝阳地区林果合作社发展情况及制约因素,从拓宽经营范围,发挥优势,打造四季旅游新村,建设民俗文化的旅游新农村;依靠科技,努力培养新型农民,创名优品牌,打响品牌战略;建立严密的组织体系,实现真正的企业化管理;拓宽融资渠道,建立自己农业协会信用社等方面提出了林果合作社创新发展路径。